No internet connection after upgrading to 5.15.0-83 on Ubuntu 22.04.3

A few days ago I ran an automatic upgrade on my Ubuntu 22.04.3. Today I restarted my PC and it now it cannot connect to the internet.

I tried both Wi-Fi (in 2 different cards) and a LAN cable, but the effect is the same. When trying e.g. ping 8.8.8.8 I get Destination Host Unreachable.

I have 3 versions of kernel available right now:

1. 5.15.0-83 - internet doesn't work
2. 5.15.0-78 - internet doesn't work
3. 5.3.0-62 - I cannot boot into this version due to Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0) error.

I tried to fix the error from (3) by sudo update-initramfs -u -k version (answer found at https://askubuntu.com/a/41939/882361), I get Can’t find modules.builtin.modinfo error.

Is there anything I can do to make it work? Any help will be much appreciated.

More details

As suggested in the comments:

1. I ran sudo apt autoclean (and sudo apt autoremove). After rebooting, there was no difference.

2. ip a returns (I hope for no typos, as I rewrite it manually from the other screen):

   3: wlp8s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000    inet 192.168.50.91/24 brd 192.168.50.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute wlp8s04: wlp6s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state DOWN group default qlen 1000

3. ls -al /etc/resolv.conf returns:

   /etc/resolv.conf -> ../run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf

4. sudo dpkg -s linux-modules-extra-$(uname -r) | grep Status returns:

   Status: install ok installed

5. As an additional test, when my PC was connected to the Wi-Fi, I tried to print something on a network printer. It printed it without any issues, so the system has access to the local network.

6. Definitely not a problem with my router, as other computers and phones use it with no issues. I tried to share my LTE connection from a phone and couldn't make it work on my PC either.